Note: Some Schools prefer that you only provide a page number for a quotation, so check with your lecturer to understand their preference. You may also optionally include a page or paragraph number when it would help the reader locate the relevant information in a long or complex text, even when you have paraphrased instead of quoting. For electronic sources where there is no page number, use the paragraph number or section heading. If you are including a word-for-word quote from another work, you must enclose the quote in quotation marks and add the page number or numbers to your citation. However, it does require more skill to use clearly.Īcademic Skills Essentials has tip sheets and tutorials on writing clearly and appropriately in a variety of academic writing genres, and on integrating others' ideas into your work with appropriate attribution. This type of citation can introduce some variety into your writing, and will sound more natural in an oral presentation than a citation at the end of the sentence. Narrative citation is also known as author-prominent citation. Narrative citations place more emphasis on the author of the work you are using. In 2014, Kessler's study of epidemiological samples showed that. Kessler (2014) found that among epidemiological samples. There are multiple ways to include a citation within the narrative. You do not necessarily need to use parenthetical citations in your work, but you must include both the author and the date of the work you wish to cite within the body of your text.
as has been shown in a recent study (Mihrshahi & Baur, 2018), and discussed at length in the literature in years past (Smith, 2007). Include it within the punctuation of the sentence. Parenthetical citation is also known as information-prominent citation: it is used to emphasise the information being cited.Ī parenthetical citation should directly follow the idea being cited. The general form is (Author, date), within parentheses.
(2018) "attempted to curate their shared content depending on how they imagined their audience on different social media platforms" (p. shared different content on different social media sites, basing their decisions on a mental model of how their audience on each site would react. Participants in a 2018 study by Pitcan et al. Social media users "attempted to curate their shared content depending on how they imagined their audience on different social media platforms" (Pitcan et al., 2018, p. Social media users will share different types of content on different sites, often basing their decisions on a mental model of how their audience on each site will react (Pitcan et al., 2018).
In-text citations can either be in parenthetical form, or have part of the citation included in the narrative of your work:
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